天然气水合物的环境效应

矿物岩石地球化学通报综述●Blletin of Mineralogy , Petrology and GeocemistryVol. 23 No. 2,2004 Apr,天然气水合物的环境效应王淑红,宋海斌”，颜文11.中国科学院南海海洋研究所和广州地球化学研究所边缘海地质重点实验室、广州510301;2.中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所.北京100101摘要:天然气水合物是近些年来发现的一种新型超级洁净能源,因其在能源勘探、海底灾害环境和全球气候变化研究中的重要性而日益引起世界各国的高度重视。本文综述了天然气水合物在形成、分解过程中的加剧全球气候变暖、海底灾害和影响海洋生物等环境效应:指出将地质历史时期的重大事件与天然气水合物产生的这些环境效.应结合将成为今后的主要研究方向。关键词:天然气水合物:环境效应:全球气候变化;海底地质灾害中图分类号:P618.13文献标识码:A文章编号:1007- 2802(2004)02-0160-06随着社会经济的快速发展,全球资源日益减少，物存在于地壳浅层(小于2000 m),储量巨大,当遇能源供需矛盾日趋紧张.环境和资源问题已成为21到环境变化时,温度的升降、压力的变化、海平面变世纪的主要议题。近年来,天然气水合物成为开发化、沉积盆地的升降.上覆沉积物的增厚、构造活动、新能源的焦点,各国都在争先研究和开发。流体活动等都会影响天然气水合物层的稳定性,甚天然气水合物(Natural Gas Hydrate.简称Gas至导致天然气水合物层的破坏,释放出天然气,并最:Hydrate),又称笼形化合物(Clathrate)。它是在一终进入大气圈(01。定条件(合适的温度、压力、气体饱和度、水的盐度、天然气水合物的主要成分是温室气体CH,1、pH值等)下由水和天然气组成的类冰、非化学计CO2等,而目前进人平流层的温室气体中人为源量、笼形结晶化合物。天然气水合物的主要成分为(360X 10"g/a)与自然源(150X 10*g/a)相比占有甲烷;甲烷含量大于99%的天然气水合物通常称为更大的通1量01。20 世纪60年代到1983年的测甲烷水合物[~9]。天然气水合物主要分布于极地永定表明，大气中的甲烷正以每年1%的速度增久冻土带、海洋大陆坡、水下高地、边缘海和内陆海，长18-22]。 冰芯中的气体分析表明，在最后一次冰尤其是与泥火山底辟构造以及大型构造断裂有关期、间冰期的转换过程中,空气中的甲烷浓度变化接的地质环境近两倍，即从350X10~9增加到650X10~9(体积浓天然气水合物的开发利用涉及两个方面的问度)23-26]。存在于地壳浅层的天然气水合物含有巨题:从资源方面考虑,这一资源储量巨大，能够满足.大数量的甲烷(10°5~10"m' at STP2[2],至少是大.人类未来清洁能源的需求;从环境方面考虑,作为温气中甲烷总量的3000倍。据报道,1 mol 甲烷对全室气体甲烷的最大载体,它的开发利用又可能是引球气候变暖产生的影响是相同量二氧化碳的3. 7发全球气候变化和海底地质灾害的重要因素。因倍，如以重量计则为10倍[8].且甲烷氧化产物CO2此.必须有超前的防范措施，以防止其对环境造成的也是一种重要的温室气体,对全球环境有重大影响。不良影响”。天然气水合物的环境效应已日益引起甲烷水合物的分解可能产生气态甲烷并增加海水中世界各国的高度重视1-1。溶解态甲烷的浓度，甲烷将从过饱和的海水进入大下面我们从全球气候变化、海底地质灾害和海气。使大气中的甲烷浓度随甲烷水合物的分解而增洋生态三个方面分析天然气水合物的环境效应。加。因此,存在于地壳浅表层的天然气水合物稳定(1)天然气水合物与全球气候变化:天然气水合与否,对全球大气组分变化造成巨大的冲击,影响到收稿日期:2003 11-06收到，2004 01-06改回基金项目:中国科学院南海海洋所创新领域前沿项日(y200312)资助，中央级科研院所社会公益研究专项资金项目(00DA5004)资助第一.作者简介:王淑红(1977- ),女. 在读博士生.海洋环境地球化学专业. E mail; wshhsbq@ sesio. ac. cn.矿物岩石地球化学通报161全球气候变化的走势。美国、俄罗斯、加拿大等国学者已经报导了钻探过程从地史看,全球气候变化与天然气水合物释放中产生的不可控制的气体释放、管道堵塞、油井喷甲烷有关08.30。人们十分关心在全球气候变暖后，发、火灾、灾难性的井位下陷、气体渗漏到海洋表层从天然气水合物中释放的额外的甲烷进人大气后产等灾害事件[52-50。生的后果1.31。基于天然气水合物储集层的尺度天然气水合物的环境效应在海洋地质灾害中主和甲烷中同位素的组成，推断大陆边缘浅地质储集要表现于两个方面:自然分解引起的地质灾害与钻层中的天然气水合物可以释放大量甲烷,进入海洋井引起水合物分解造成的环境破坏。前者研究得较后可能会改变海洋中溶解碳的组成,或大气中甲烷多57-59]。目前较为一致的认识是,海平面升降、地浓度03-8。天然气水合物中释放的甲烷在古新世震和海啸导致水合物分解;而水合物分解产生的滑末增温事件(LPTM)中起了重要作用8。目前已塌、滑坡和浊流则可能进一-步引发新的地震和海在始新世末(01、早白垩世(01. .晚侏罗世、早侏罗啸100]。天然气水合物的分解还可使海底沉积物的世(等时段发现了天然气水合物大量分解,释放力学性质减弱，引发海底滑坡、塌陷，甚至海啸等自CH,导致全球升温的确切证据。已有人用甲烷水然灾害.对海底电缆.通讯光缆钻井平台、采油设备合物快速释放产生甲烷来解释早侏罗世沉积(+2]、晚等工程设施造成威胁或破坏，甚至波及沿岸的建筑侏罗世沉积[1]1及古新世海洋和大陆碳酸盐成分物.危害航行安全和人民的生命财严产(63。中86-1918*C的负偏移现象。古新世晚期.强烈的火海底滑坡是一-种常见的地质灾害[587。天然气山活动释放的CO)2导致全球变暖,通过有孔虫8"(水合物形成与分解过程或其他的.-些因素都会引起值估计海洋温度大约增高7Cmn。相对于全球气候沉积物发生变化.影响沉积物的强度;而天然气水合的变暖,大量的海洋天然气水合物降解释放巨大数物与其分解产物间存在着巨大的体积差异,因此当量的甲烷进入空气和海洋。由于甲烷中的"C被耗受到其他地质因子触发,发生大面积的天然气水合尽,海洋8"C值下降了2%~ 3% PDB*7。E. G.物层破坏,将导致灾害性事件。虽然天然气水合物Nisbet(4S)将现今的全球变暖与13 500,a前最近的会产生严重的地质灾害，但对实际问题的证明却是一个主要冰期结束时天然气水合物中甲烷的释放相有限的。许多学者尝试把大陆边缘-些大型滑坡与联系,指出在全球温暖期,极地天然气水合物分解并天然气水合物分解失稳联系起来5859.0.0。末次释放出甲烷进入大气圈,导致全球环境进-一步 变暖。冰期某些水合物分布区的巨大滑坡可能解释了为什K.A.Kvenvolden测量出阿拉斯加冰盖下甲烷的浓么冰芯记录中突然出现几倍于当时大气中的甲烷含度比大气中的平均浓度高6~28倍,他估计仅仅释量。已知最大的海底滑坡是挪威大陆边缘的Stor-放了天然气水合物中甲烷的1%*],除了震动导致rega滑坡。它留下290 km长的谷头陡壁断崖,向的地质的和大气的影响之外，也有板块碰撞后快速下陆坡延伸逾800 km,运移了5000 km2的物质;其的全球大爆发的证据(41718]。M. D. Max等[9]认为中首次滑塌可能释放了5X102 kg甲烧'3]。B. n.晚白垩世的甲烷气体在板块碰撞后可能突然从海底查寥夫指出,百慕大三角区域内发生的灾难都与天释放,至少部分的引起了全球大爆发并对海洋-空气然气水合物有直接联系(01]。系统的破坏产生了作用。(3)天然气水合物与海洋生态:海洋生物大都需全球气候变化与天然气水合物释放甲烷的有关从海水中吸取氧气.以维持生命活动。但是,很多因证据还有海平面的变化[50。研究表明，深海沉积物素都会导致海水中氧气含量的减少,进而影响海洋的地球化学、冰芯和其它地质指示物证明过去气候生物的活动.甚至造成海洋生物灭绝。在诸多的影的快速变化与大气中的温室气体浓度密切有响因素中,天然气水合物的分解是导致冰期中止和关9.1。最后一次冰期的结束与天然气水合物储生物灭绝的主要因素.而海洋缺氧是海洋生物灭绝集层中释放的大量甲烷有关,或者说后者对最后一的直接原因。次冰期的结束作出了极大的贡献!5)。天然气水合物的分解引起全球气候变化，必将(2)天然气水合物与海底地质灾害:人类正在不制约着动物、植物的生长演化。研究表明,海洋缺氧断认识天然气水合物资源,并拟在不久的将来进行是导致海洋生物灭绝的直接原因。KtsI1)等认为开采,而由此产生的海底地质灾害也在不断增加。海底沉积物中的天然气水合物分解释放出游离状的162王淑红等/天然气水合物的环境效应CH,气泡进入水体,并与海水中的溶解氧发生化学和硫,导致了海洋缺氧，使深海有孔虫减少了30%反应,导致氧浓度降低。水体温度增高溶解氧降低~50%。D. M. Raup和Jr. Sepkosk[58指出,Frasn-及其他一-些变化,导致许多深海物种死亡或暂时消ian/Famennian 边界事件是显生宙时期5个主要生失。赵省民[0]认为,水合物分解引起的地质灾害也物灭绝事件之一。 这个边界记录了物种多样性的大会导致海底生态环境恶化而殃及海洋生物。松本良量减少6979]。二叠纪/三叠纪(P/T)生物灭绝事件认为,地史时期生物的大规模灭绝可能与此有关,这是显生宙一次最大的灾难。到目前为止,各国学者一观点已得到一些学者的赞同(5]。Matsumoto56已经提出了很多种机制解释P/T边界事件，包括海和G.Dickens等(36]根据海洋碳酸盐中8°C强烈的洋缺氧”或深海CO2的产生(2]、温室效应”1、火负偏移指出,天然气水合物的大量分解已经引起了山作用14、天然气水合物中大尺度的甲烷释放及影古新世末期全球变暖、海洋缺氧、生物灭绝。响[35~78]。K. Kaiho等[67]认为,水合物释放的额外的甲烷- -方综上所述，以图1所示归纳天然气水合物的整面加速了全球变暖,另一方面消耗了海洋中的氧气体环境效 应。[生物灭地!压铁石灰石"Sr/"Sr值]值品[ 8°C负偏移][ 含黄铁矿黑色页著邀旅暖的光华」迎烷释放>海洋缺多 .(全球变圈Co.种吞物的分啊长期海平面上丑(活动出关的断教长明效应C)短期效wC]地质证据亡=-1椎测效城图1天然气水合物环境效应示意图[42Fig.1 Diagram showing the environmental effects of natural gas hydrate[t2]天然气水合物作为21世纪的重要能源地位已(11): 28- 30. (in Chinese)受到广泛认可和关注,然而,作为一个重要的气候致5] 方银霞,金翔龙，黎明碧.天然气水合物的勒探与开发技术[J].中国海洋平台,2002,17(2).11-15.变因子,其赋存状况及其行为规律对全球气候的影Fang Yinxia, Jin Xianglong, Li Mingbi. 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This paper summarized environmental effects of the gas hydrate on the global warming, submarine haz-ards , and organism response during its formation, decomposition and exploitation. It will be the main research fieldhow to combine the important events happened in geological history with these environmental effects of gas hy-drate.Key words: gas hydrate; environment effect; global climate change ; submarine geological hazard