Effect of Water and Sediment Regulation on Lower Yellow River

Trans. Tianjin Univ. 2009, 15: 113-120DOI 10 1007/s12209-009-0020-7。Tianin University and Springer-Verlag 2009Effect of Water and Sediment Regulationon Lower Yellow River*XU Guobin(徐国宾)', SI Chundi(司春棣)2(1. Schoo of Civil Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China;2. School of Mechanical Engineering, Shijiazhuang Railway Institute, Shijazhuang 050043, China)Abstract: According to the results of the water and sediment regulations of the Yellow River in year 2002- -2007,the effect of erosion and deposition on the lower reaches, the amount and ditribution of erosion and deposition inthe river mouth area, the adjustment of river regime, the effect of river regulation projects and changes of flowingcapacity of the channel are analyzed. It is revealed that the water and sediment regulation is efficient to reducedeposition and improve the flowing capacity and the conditions of sediment transport.Keywords: Yellow River; water and sediment regulation; river control; sediment transportThe sediment problem is serious for the Yellow control, from 9:00 on September 6th to 16:30 on Septem-Riverlsl. In the long-term, the best way is adopting the ber 18th 2003, the second water and sediment regulationsystematic and integrated measures. The effective and was tested under the cooperation of Reservoirs of San-practicable way now is the combination of the following menxia, Xiaolangdi, Luhun and Guxian. From 9:00 onmeasures: conserving the water and soil of the upper and June l9th to 8:00 on July 13th 2004, combined with themiddle reaches and making use of reservoir on the river operation of Reservoirs of Wanjiazhai, Sanmenxia,to reduce deposition; transporting sediment into the sea Xiaolangdi, the third water and sediment regulation wason the premise of certain flowing capacity; disposing and tested. The location of reservoirs operated during theutilizing the sediment on the lower reaches; using the regulation and their lower reaches are shown in Fig.l.reservoirs on the main stream to adjust the unaccommo-On the basis of the above tests, from 9:00 on Junedated natural water and the sediment process to be a har- 16th to 17:00 on July Ist 2005, the first formal regulationmonious one, thereby reducing deposition of the channel (the fouth in total) was implemented including Wanji-and scouring the channel; dredging the channel and rein- azhai, Sanmenxia, Xiaolangdi Reservoirs. Through theforceing the main dike to shape the relative underground joint operation, the phased discharge of Huayuankou Hy-river of the Yellow River gradually.drometric Station was controlled to be 2 800, 3 000,In the measures above, only the fourth is a hypothe- 3 200 m'/s, respectively. Test results showed that thesis, but with the operation of Xiaolangdi Reservoir, water main river channel of the lower reaches were fullyand sediment regulations are provided with engineering scoured, bottom elevation decreased I m, the downstreamconditions of pracicel4.s.main channel flowing capacity increased to 3 300 m'/sfrom 1 800 m'/s before the water and sediment regula-Implementation of water and sedimenttion, the adverse situation of the downstream main chan-regulationnel atrophy and the continued deterioration of secondaryperched river was restrained preliminarily.To verify the assumption of water and sedimentThe fifth water and sediment regulation started fromregulation, the first water and sediment regulation was 9:00 on June 15th to 8:00 on July 3rd 2005, lasting 18tested from 9:00 on July 4th to 9:00 on July 15th 2002 days. The discharge of Huayuankou Hydrometric Stationwith cooperated operation of Xiaolangdi and Sanmenxia was (he entire process ofReservoirs on the main stream. Combined with the flood water中国煤化工rsuts showed thatAcepted date: 2008-05-24.TYHCNMHG"Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.50679053).XU Guobin, borm in 1956, male, Dr, Prof.Correspondence to XU Guobin, E-mail: xuguob@sina com.cn.Transactions of Tianjin University Vol.15 No.2 2009Bo hai SeaWanjiuzhai ReservoirLjin。 Yellow River_ Fenhe RiverYellow RiverJinan City.AishanQinhe River Beijindi DelentionDongpinghu Detention BasinXinolangdi" SunkousHeervoirGaoeun。t Huayuankoun W eibe RiverLuohe RiverL Chengzhou CityCuxian ReservoiLuhun ResereirFig.1 Sketch of Xiaolangdi, Sanmenxia, Luhun and Guxian reservoirs and their lower reachesthe lower reaches obtained the comprehensive erosion, showed that the downstream main channel obtained thethe scoured sediment from Xiaolangdi to Lijin reaches comprehensive erosion, the sediment transport capacityreached 60.01 million tons, the downstream main channel of the Lijin Hydrometric Station achieved 52.40 millionflowing capacity increased from 3 300 m'/s to 3 500 tons, the minimum bankfull discharge increased fromm'/s. In the course of water and sediment regulation, the 3500 m/s to 3630 m'/s. In this water and sedimentWanjazhai, Sanmenxia, Xiaolangdi reservoirs were regulation, the maximum discharge of Huayuankou Hy-timely dispatched, the density current was created manu- drometric Station was 4 290 m'/s, and the maximum dis-ally, and the deposition of Sanmenxia, Xiaolangdi reser- charge of Lijini Hydrometric Station was 3 910 m/s.voirs was reduced. The sediment discharged from San-During the period of the six water and sedimentmenxia Reservoir reached 23.50 million tons, the sedi- regulation tests, some hydrological data were monitoredment discharged from Xiaolangdi Reservoir reached 8.41 on the channel. The monitored items include water level,million tons, and the ratio of draining off sediment was as discharge, sediment, sediment discharge rate; river depo-high as 35.8%.sition testing, erosion and deposition process testing atThe sixth water and sediment regulation started certain cross-sections, bed material load and deep riverfrom June 19th to July 7th 2007, lasting 18 days. This load testing; downstream channel regime, estuary regime,water and sediment regulation shaped the density current bankfull stage and range, bank collapse situation, dangerin Xiaolangdi Reservoir area through the joint operation projects distribution and water level testing of dangerof Wanjiazhai, Sanmenxia and Xiaolangdi reservoirs. projects; tests of river-mouth sediment, morphology ofThe outtlow sediment concentration of Xiaolangdi reser- shallow sea, water quality, etc.voir was up to 230 kg/m，which was the maximum out-Based on the results of water and sediment regula-flow sediment concentration after the density current tion tests, especially the first three tests', the erosion andshaped by water and sediment regulation. The total dis- depos中国煤化工lount and distributioncharged sediment was 26.11 million tons, the reservoir of eroYHCNMHGTmoutharea,thead-sediment patterns and the flowing capacity of down- justment 01 rIver regume, ellecl of regulation projects,stream main channel were further improved. The results and changes of flowing capacity will be analyzed.XU Guobin et al: Effect of Water and Sediment Regulation on Lower Yellow Rivercun was 19.1 million ton, between Gaocun and Hekouwas 17.1 million tons, between Baihe and Huayuankou2 Erosion and deposition effect on lowerwas 36% of the total erosion amount, but between Jia-reacheshetan and Sunkou was - 8.2 million tons because of theflood plain. Between Aishan and Lijin the erosion effect2.1 Erosion and deposition amount and its distribu- was the most distinctive, the scouring amount was 19.7tion along rivermillion tons, 54.4% of the total erosion amount in theDuring the regulation tests, the erosion effect on the lower reaches, which was attributed to the boundary con-river channel was obvious because of the long-term me- ditions of river and the deposition on the flood plain ofdian discharge and lower sediment concentration.reaches between Jiahetan and Sunkou. The conditions ofDuring the first regulation test (lasting 11 days), the erosion and deposition on the lower reaches are shown indischarge was 2 600 m/s and sediment concentration Fig.2. It can be seen that the erosion of the total lowerwas 13.3 kg/m'at Huayuankou Hydrological Station, the reaches was realized, and the phenomenon that the riverstotal erosion amount of lower reaches was 36.2 million erosion in Henan Province and the rivers deposition intons, the erosion amount along the river upstream Gao Shandong Province did not appear.7.1 Gaocun-SunkouJiahctan-Gaocun1.7Sunkou- AishanLijin-Chaer-10-15- -13.1Huayuankou-JiahetanAishan-Luokou-10.7Luokou-LiinBaihe-HuayuankouBaihe- -GaocunGaocun-Hckou30 t35 tBaihe-Hekou-36.240 LeachFig.2 Erosion and deposition of cross sections on lower reachesAlmost all the lower reaches were scoured and the water was 4 605 million tons, the erosion amount waserosion amount was 45.6 million tons during the second 20.79 million tons, and the average sediment concentra-water and sediment regulation test, which lasted 12.4 tion was 4.51 kg/m'. The goal is that the total lowerdays. The discharge was 2 400 m'/s and the average reaches were scoured, and the total erosion amount wassediment concentration was 30 kg/m' at Huayuankou 64.22 million tons, the erosion amount of reaches be-Hydrometric Station.tween Huayuankou and Gaocun was 14.03 million tons,The third water and sediment regulation test, which between Gaocun and Aishan was 19.28 million tons, be-lasted 19 days, was divided into two stages. The down- tween Aishan and Ljin was 14.49 million tons.stream main channel flood capacity was expanded by theIt is verified by the three water and sediment regu-manual disturbance utilizing the discharged water of laion tests that the unbalanced relationship between waterXiaolangdi Reservoir in the first stage, which started and sediment with diferent sources, different magnitudesfrom 9:00 on June 19th to 0:00 on June 29th. In the sec- and different sediment gradations, could be harmonizedond stage, from 12:00 on July 2nd to 8:00 on July 13th，to be a coordinated process, and the lower reaches couldthe deposition patterms at the end of reservoir were regu- realize deposition reduction and even erosion in the over-lated by the manual disturbance utilizing the joint opera-the total erosion amounttion of main river reservoirs, the manual density current reache中国煤化Iiment of Xiaolangdiwas shaped and the sediment was discharged success- Reserv:YHC N M H Greduced effectively.fully. During the process of the third test, the amount of一115-Transactions of Tianjin University Vol.15 No.220092.2 Distribution of erosion and deposition of cross- sion depth on the reaches between Jiahetan and Gaocunsectionswas about 0.24 m because the current sediment concen-The lower reaches of the Yellow River are divided tration was decreased after the water of the fresh-plaininto the flood plain and the stream channel composed of flowed to the main channel, and the current erosion capa-main channel and fresh-plain. The main channel wasbility was improved. The main channel between Gaocunscoured distinctively but the fresh-plain was deposited in and the estuary was also scoured;for the erosion phe-various degrees during the first test. The detailed condi-nomenon following Aishan, the erosion depth upstreamtions are shown in Tab.1, the erosion depth on the was larger than that of downsteam, which was also in linereaches upstream Jiahetan decreased gradually, the ero- with the erosion rules along the river.Tab.1 Erosion and deposition depths of main channel and fresh-plain on lower reaches (unit:m)Main channelFrecsh-plainStrcam channelReacchesDepth of crosionDepth of erusionWidthand depositionBaihe-lluayuankou-0.188000.11706-0.081507Huayuankou-Jiahetan-0.167390.061 296-0.042035Jiahetan-Gaocun-0.24060.181 358-0.022 164Gaocun- Sunkou-0.264140.17453867Sunkou Aishan-0.07S40.05318Aishan Luokou4210.03167-0.15588Luokou-Lijin-0.120.01181-0.11Lijin-Chaer4040.08437840Baihe- -Gaocun-0.197830.121 0761 860Gaocun -Hekou409297-0.09about 40 km'. In this area, the area with deposition depth3 Erosion and deposition in river mouthover 1 m was 11.1 km' and over 2 m was just 2.1 km',area and its distributionand the 2.1 km' area was only 5% of the total 40 km'area, but its deposition amount reached 14.3% of the totalThe river mouth area and its boundary area with depsition amount. At the same time, out of the riversteep slope are the main depsition area of the sediment mouth, there were four main depoition areas with theflowing into the sea. In 2001 and 2002, there were two deposition depth over 2.5 m at center, and they were lo-deposition surveys after the first water and sedimentcated on both sides of the river mouth before and in theregulation test. The survey range was 10 km away from process of the first water and sediment regulation test. Itboth sides of the river mouth and 15 km upstream the is revealed that the sediment tended to be transported toriver mouth, which basically included the deposition areaboth sides of the river mouth to some degree.of the sediment flowing into the sea. The survey resultsThe three water and sediment regulation tests im-are shown in Tab.2.plemented in 2002- -2004 greatly eased the flood controland ice prevention situation of Yellow River estuary. Thdeterioration trend of the ecological environment waIsobath cxtent /mFrosion and deposition ( 10" tons)0-50.193restrained, the appended estuarine wetlands area reached5-100.04120 000 Mu (Chinese unit of area, I Mu = 666.6 m2), and>100.094the economic and ecological benefits were obvious'!.The main deposition area was within 0- 5 m isobath 4 River regime adjustment of lower reachesextent in certain sea outside the river mouth, and mainly中国煤化工lied in certain area of two sides of the river mouth. TheiYHCNMHGesofriverregimeonarea, of which the deposition depth was over 0.5 m, was the lower Teaches. because or une long period of low wa--116-XU Guobin er al: Efect of Water and Sediment Regulation on Lower Yllow Riverter runoff on the lower reaches, especially during the regulation proects have been made on the lower reachesyears of 2000 and 2001, the discharge at Huayuankou of the Yellow River. During the water and sediment regu-Hydrometric Station was under 1 000 m'/s. The deposi- lation tests, the regulation Projects were verified to betion of the lower reaches of Gaocun was aggravated and capable of controlling the river regime, and it was indi-the discharge of flood plain was reduced, e.g, the water cated that the general layout of river regulation projectslevel with discharge 2 980 m'/s at Gaocun Hydrometric was reasonable.Station was 0.55 m higher than the same discharge during(1) The ability of regulation projects to control thethe big flood in 1996, just because of the deposition of river regime was improved. It was efecient for the regu-flood plain.lation projects on the lower reaches to control channels at(2) There have been many abnormal river bends dominant discharge, reduce the changes of river regimebecause of the sharp decrease of discharge on the lower and protect river levees. But because of the continuedreaches since the middle of 1980s. The abnormal river efect of the small main flow discharge in the past 20bend is a kind of overbending state of the channel, which years, it has led to the lift of sections of projects close tois capable of making the regulation projects depart from water in wandering river, collapse of header of projects,the main flow and the river regime lose control, and is formation of some abnormal river bends, which weak-harmful for the flood control. During the tests, the regime ened the ability of regulation projects to control the riverof some abnormal river bends, such as river bends on the regime. In the process of the tests, the conditions of sec-lower reaches of Shayugou projects, between Shunhejie tions close to water were improved. On the reaches be-and Dagong projects, and Zhangzhuang bends between tween Beijing-Guangzhou railway bridges on the riverChangdi and Guantai proects, tended to have some ad- and Dongbatou, there were 24 proects, 345 groins andjustments. On the contrary, the regulation projects on the 27.26 km long channel close to water after the water andreaches of Wuzhuang departed from the main flow and sediment regulation tests, compared with 23 projects, 322lost control of river regime. But from the river regime of groins and 24.85 km long channel close to water beforethe upper reaches point of view, the regulation projects the tests.may resume the control of river regime.(2) It was convenient to reinforce the basement and(3) The reaches with proper auxiliary projects, stability of projects. In general, it is believed that thewell- controlled main flow and inlets, such as reaches be- groins are stable if the depth of groin basements exceedstween Kaiyi and Shendi and reaches between Xindianji 15 m, the depth of short groins exceeds 12 m, the depthand Baocheng, could control the flow path in accordance of bank-protection projects exceeds 10 m, and the slopewith the regulation planning of dominant discharge. Oth- gradient of basements exceeds 1/1.3. But statistical dataerwise, the flow path would be irregular, far away from reveals that the depth of present groin basements does notthe regulation flow path and the river regime would vary，meet the requirement of design, which atributes to asuch as reaches between Jiubao and Heigangkou.great deal of new projects or erosion of flood, or the rein-(4) During the tests, the evolution rules of high Wa- forcement of basement accordingly. After the first test,ter river regime were followed. Firstly, the river channels the water level at the same flow discharge dropped on thewere widened and the average surface width increased reaches upstream Gaocun Hydrometric Station, e.g. atfrom 500 m to 1 000 m, up to 2 km. Secondly, the length discharge 2 000 m'/s, water level at Huayuankou andand quantity of projects close to water increased, some Gaocun Hydrometric Station dropped by 0.35 m and 0.24groins away from the water normally were close to water m respectively. This reinforced the basement in the nextover again, even close to the main flow, such as Dong'an, flood season and reduced the dangerous probability ofShunhejie, Dazhangzhuang projects. Thirdly the main projects.flow tended to become straight and the sections of pro-(3) It is easy for the planned small-bending regula-jects close to water descended.tion projccts at dominant discharge to be realized. Regu-lation projects of small-bending at dominant discharge5 Effect of river regulation projectswere a中国煤化工eaches of the YellowRiver,|YHCNMH Gse to food path andIn the past several decades, a large number of river low Warer 1uw pau SIUuIU u ciusen; The existing pro--117-Transactions of Tianjin University Vol.15 No.2 2009jects can be made better use, and the flood control, water proved in a short period because of obvious decrease ofdiversion and flood plain protection can be implemented runoff and leveling of peak discharge. Water flow on thetogethero. After combined analysis of bankfull discharge lower reaches was about 5X 10 'm'/s in the flood seasonsand sediment transportation ability, regulation discharge of 2002 and 2003. At the same time, the discharges fromwas confirmed to be 4000 m'/s, and the width of regula- 800 m'/s to 2600 m'/s (lasting 300 days after the applica-tion line was 1 200 m on the reaches upstream Dongba- tion of Xiaolangdi Reservoir) were easy to make chan-tou, and 1 000 m between Dongbatou and Gaocun. Since nels scoured in Henan province and deposited in Shan-1986, the long drawn low flow on the lower reaches has dong province. The erosion on the lower reaches affectchanged the river regime on some reaches, e.g., half of only about 200 km downstream Xiaolangdi Reservoirthe projects on the reaches between Gaocun and Dongba- near Jiahetan, and the deposition and shrinkage of cross-tou were away or ultimately away from the main flow， section conditions on the lower reaches of Jiahetan wereprojects on the reaches of Liuyuankou, Dagong, Gu- not improved, and even worse.cheng, Outan and Guantai were away from the riverAccording to the relationship between water levelchannel and the river flow, far away from the planned and discharge at different hydrological stations during thepaths. But the river regime was adjusted, which was first test, combined with the height of beach lip, changesenefited from the water and sediment regulation tests.of flowing capacity through the main channel were ob-The flow path of river regime approached the planned tained as shown in Tab.3. Consistent with the changes ofones. The close-to-water sections of some projects werewater level at the same discharge, bankfull discharge onin accordance with the designed ones, such as reaches the cross -sections upstream Gaocun increased mostly, thebetween Dazhangzhuang and Shunhejie, Huayuankou discharge on the reaches near Gaocun and Huayuankouand Shuangjing. It was convenient to regulate the pro- increased by 300 m'/s and 1 050 m/s respectively; dis-jects of small-bending at dominant discharges as soon as charge changes near Jiahetan were small; discharge nearpossible.Luokou and Dingzilukou on the lower reaches of Aishanincreased by 160 m'/s and 550 m'/s respectively, dis-6 Changes of flowing capacitycharge near Sunkou and Aishan decreased by 180 m'/sand 100 m/s respectively. The reason why bankfull dis-Continued low flow on the lower reaches since 1986charge on the reaches near Gaocun increased dramati-was contributed to the lift of river bed, cross-section cally was that the main channel was scoured, and theshrinkage, decrease of bankfull discharge, and decrease height of beach lip lifted. After the flood, the height ofof flowing capacity on the main channel. As a result, un- the beach lip on this reach lifed about 0.4 m.til the operation of Xiaolangdi Reservoir, bankfull dis-Changes of bankfull discharge were calculated ac-charge of lower reaches was about 3 000 m/s compared cording to the average erosion and deposition conditionwith 6000 m'/s of 1980s. In the flood season of 1998，on all reaches (section method in short) after the first test.the bankfull discharge was 2 810 m'/s on the reaches nearAt the same time, the arithmetic mean values of theGaocun. After the operation of Xiaolangdi Reservoir, the cross- section bankfull discharge at the beginning and thedeposition and shrinkage of cross-section were not im- end of the reaches were calculated as the bankfull dis-Tab.3 Flowing capacity of main channel at stations on lower reaches before/after the first water and sediment regulation testStationsWater level of bank-Flowing capacity of main channel(m 's ):st waterFlood throughfull discharge/mBefore testAfter testIncrementlevel/mplainHuayuankou93.753 4003 70030093.6720Jiahetan77.412 90077.59ves63.2l(before)Gaocun1 7502 8001 05063.76yes63.62aftr)Sunkou48.4520701 890-18049.00esAishan42.303 300- 10041.76noLuokou31.40中国煤化工03Lijin14.393 5001oDingzilukou5.772150MYHCNMH G3gcs--118-XU Guobin et al: Efect of Water and Sediment Regulation on Lower Yllow Rivercharge of the reach (water level method in short). The Sunkou and Lijin was about 80- 90 m/s.calculation results are listed in Tab.4, which shows thatThe maximum water level and corresponding dis-the bankfull discharge of the main channel on the reaches charge of the downstream major hydrometric station areupstream Jiahetan increased from 240 m'/s to 330 m'/s. listed in Tab.5l8, indicating that the discharge with theThe bankfull discharge on the reaches between Jiahetan same water level increased year by year. The flowingand Sunkou increased by about 300- 500 m'/s, which capacity of the main channel increased more obviously,could be contributed to the seriously deposited flood indicating that the six water and sediment regulation testsplain and the scoured channel, the height difference be- of the Yellow River improved the flowing capacity oftween channel and plain increased obviously. The bank- downstream main channel obviously. It was beneficial tofull discharge on the lower reaches of Lijin increased by slow down the formation of secondary perched river.200 m'/s and the bankfull discharge increment betweensediment regulation testWidth of mainHeight difference betweenFlowing capacity increment of main channel/(m's )ReachesSectionWater levelchannel /mchanncl and plain/mmerhodmethodProposed value800374300Huayuankou-Jiahetan7390.20150240Jiahetan-Ciaocun8060.3753725500Gaocun- Sunkou4140.3828335Sunkou-Aishan4540.1190-140Aishan-Luokou4210.1813308CLuokou-Lijn3840.139(80Lijin-Dingzilukou40414275200Tab.5 Maximum water level and corresponding discharge of downstream major hydrometric stationsHydrometricMaximum water leve/mDischarge(m's )stations20072006 200520042003200220062005Huayuankou92.8792.86 92.8592.8693.1793.6742903 7703 5302 9702 660; 130Jiahetan75.9878.12 76.92 76.7377.2777.59 4 1003 8003 4902 9002630 3 120Gaocun62.9962.86 62.9563.0263.5263.76 4 0503 790! 8402 96(Sunkou49.0448.90 48.89 48.7348.8849.00 3 9803700 3490 2 9602770 2800Aishar41.8341.70 41.4341.5241.7541.76 3 95038333102958802 67(Luokou31.2030.9930.50 30.8131.0731.0339303770312029502 8402 550Lijin13.9613.77 13.2713.4513.9313.80391036102 9502 7902 500At the same time, the existing river regulation projects7 Conclusionsare verified during the water and sediment regulationtests, indicating that the general planning of river regula-The water and sediment regulation tests of the Yel- tion projects is reasonable, and it is correct to adopt regu-low River were implemented six times in 2002- 2007. lation projects of small-bending at dominant discharge.Although the water and sediment conditions were differ-Referencesent during these tests, it is verified that the downstreammain channel obtained the comprehensive erosion, which[ 1] Zhang Ren. 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