Tectonic evolution of the Changling fault basin and its relationship to oil and gas accumulation

Mining Science and Technology( China)21(2011)427-432Contents lists available at ScienceDirectagd fecha bgyMining Science and Technology(China)ELSEVIERjournalhomepagewww.elsevier.com/locate/mstcTectonic evolution of the Changling fault basin and its relationship to oiland gas accumulationWang Jianqiang a . Yang Guang Xue Linfu, Zhang Jianwei Bai Ye, Li Wenbo.College of Earth Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, ChinaGeo-Engineering investigation institute of Qingdao, Qingdao 266071, ChinaARTICLE INFOA BSTRACTThe Changling fault depression passed through three stages of evolution a period of faulting a period ofReceived 23 October 2010Received in revised form 20 November 2010ubsidence, and an inversion period. The fault lifted the whole area and the formation was eroded duringAccepted 18 December 2010the late Yingcheng formation, the late Nenjiang formation, and the late Mingshui formation the denudaAvailable online 12 June 2011tion quantity of eight wells located in the study area is estimated by the interval transit time method andby the formation trend extension method using seismic and drilling data Inversion back stripping tech-nology with de-compaction correction was used to restore the original sedimentary thickness step byChangling fault depressionstep and to recover the burial history at a single well. Two profiles were selected for the recovery andDenudation quantityudy of the tectonic evolution. The study confirmed that the primary major gas bearing structure formedTectonic evolutionue to thermal shrinkage lifting during the late Yingcheng formation. Successive development in a patOil and gas accumulationterm during the late Mingshui formation led to the formation of the primary gas pool. Vertical differentiallift during the late Nenjiang formation formed the Fulongquan structure during the late Paleogene. Atthis same time a secondary gas pool formed. a large scale reverse developed late in the mingshui formation that provsecondary gas pool. It is thought that the migrationaccumulation of oil and gas was controlled by lithologic character fracture and structure. The local upliftin the vicinity of the hydrocarbon recession is most conducive to the collection of hydrocarbon gase 2011 Published by Elsevier B V on behalf of China Universiry of Mining Technology1 Introductionstructure. It is a large dustpan fracture mainly controlled by theDa'an fracture in the north the heidimiao fracture in the southThe tectonic evolution of a basin directly affects its formation, and the Gudian- Fulongquan fracture in east the Changling faultevolution, and the distribution of hydrocarbons within it 11-3]. has experienced three evolutionary phases. The first is the periodThe analysis of tectonic evolution is one of the most important ways from the late Jurassic Huoshiling formation to the early Cretaceousof evaluating hydrocarbon resources. Previous work on tectonic Yingcheng formation. The second was the depression period fromtransformation and the petroleum geology during the faulted period the Denglouku formation to the late Cretaceous early Nenjiangof the Huoshiling, Shahezi, and Yingcheng formations has suggested formation. the third was an inversion period from the late Cretathat the large range, low amplitude fold structure formed in the late ceous, late Nenjiang formation until now.Shahezi and late Yingchen created a favorable reservoir area [4 . InMost of the structure belts trend in north-south or northeastthis paper we report our research on combined drilling and seismic directions. And the local formation and evolution are extremelydata and research on the burial and tectonic evolution history of the similar. The structures formed in the late Yingcheng period. ThereChangling fault. The stratum denudation was computed and the evo- were three times that a tensile shearing transformation occurred inlution process and subsidence characteristics are analyzed for the later periods. But transtensional and reconstructive degrees areperiod when the main gas bearing structure formed. The features different in strength [51of the gas reservoir are discussedThe Changling fault includes the upper Jurassic Huoshilingformation, the lower Cretaceous Shahezi formation, the yingcheng2. Geological background of the arformation, and the Denglouku formation from below. during thedepression period the formation mainly includes the QuantouThe Changling fault is the biggest fault in middle Songformation, the Yaojia formation, the Nenjiang formation, thebasin. the area is 13,000 km and it has a fault sag double-layerSifangtai formation, and the Mingshui formation. this fault has agood source- reservoir-cap-rock structure. the source rock devel4 Corresponding author. Tel: +86 15948781169.oped during the Yingcheng and Shahezi formation periods, andE-mailaddress:wangjianqiang163@163.com(.Wang).the Ha'erjin, Dal中国煤化工 tonic uplift that1674-5264/5- see front matter o 2011 Published by Elsevier B V. on behalf of China University of Mining & TCNMHGdoi:101016 imsc.201105008J. Wang ef aL/ Mining Science and Technology(China)21(2011)427-432E-GasbearingstructureO] StringerFaultChanglingld①Da’ an fault②Qi③Ha'erji④ Guxi faultGudiano Qianshenzijing fault(D Gujiadian-Fulongquan fault③ Heidimiao faultFig. 1. Location of the Changling fault depression.occurred during the late yingcheng formation, and the fulongquan 3. 1. Computation of denudation quantitystructure, formatted in the late Nenjiang, are favorable placeswhere gas enrichment can occur. Now there are 14 test wells thatDenudation quantity is a very important parameter for recoveryave industrial gas in the Changling fault: we have found five of the history of tectonic evolution. Many methods exist to esti-hydrocarbon bearing structures, see Fig. 1mate denudation quantity. These include the strata antithesismethod the sedimentary ratio analysis method, the interval transittime method, the vitrinite reflectance rate method the sedimen3. Tectonic evolutiontary fluctuation analysis method, the formation trend extensionmethod, and the apatite fission track analysis method. We useThe geological structure, the tectonic stress field, the filling his- the interval transit time and formation trend extension methodstory of the sedimentary basin, the distribution of the sedimentary here [6-15phases, the local tectonic formation, and the character of gas formations can be understood from the evolutionary history of basin 3. 1.1. Interval transit time method of estimating denudation quantityrebuilding. The formation, migration, aggregation, and preserva-Even in strata with small porosity there is a directly proportiontion of gas in the area can be understood in this light.ate linear relationship between the speed of sound and the size ofDrilling, logging, and seismic data are used here to compute the the porosity. As a result, when the mud shale is contracted nor-geological settlement rate, and quantity, as a way of recovering the mally. the formula of the relationship between the time differencehistory of tectonic evolution. The thickness of the existing of sonic wave and the depth isformation, and inversion technology, are used to computed com- T=To exp(-bx)paction removal, denudation quantity, and sedimentary loadingwhere T is the interval transit time: to the transit time at the sur-Profiles I and II have been chosen for the tectonic evolution face, oftenmanantial decay constant; andstudy. Profile I crosses the Ha'erjin, Dalaoyefu, and Fulongquan x the depth.中国煤化工areas. Profile ll mainly crosses the Xixiliga, Dalaoyefu, andBecauseCNMHnges with depth as anShuangtuozi areas(see Fig. 1).xponentialponentialJ. Wang et aL/ Mining Science and Technology( China)21(2011)427-432existing interval transit times will differ in depth values. the differ-Through an analysis of profile I it seems thatence between fit and existing values is the denudation quantity(1)The Huoshiling, Shahezi, and Yingcheng formations devel-3.1.2. Formation trend extension method of estimating denudationoped during a period of faulting. The Huoshiling formationCurve fitting is a traditional way to recover the denudationlays across the initial fault development. The Ha'erjin faultFluctuations in formation depth from the fit are considered potenand the fulongquan-Gudian fault grew during this timetial denuded areas. The precondition is that the thickness, or theand the formation distribution was controlled by faultchange in thickness, be uniform. Assuming this, denudation quan-depression. At the end of the huoshiling deposition a widetity may be estimated by the deviation from predicted thickness.range of uplift and denudation happened within the Chan-In this work the interval transit times from the changling faultgling depression and a regional non-uniformity appearedwere chosen to estimate the denudation quantity in the mingshuDuring the shahezi period that fault developed and the for-formation and the late Nenjiang formation(see Table 1). the denu-mation was controlled by fault depression. The formationdation quantity of the late Yingcheng formation was estimated bywas filled in a wedge shape and a widely ranging settlementthe formation trend extension methodoccurred across the ha'erjin and dalaoyefu areas. During theThe average denudation quantity of the Yingcheng formation,Yingcheng period that fault depression expanded and thethe Nenjiang formation, and the late Mingshui formation is, respecbasement fault moved so that the depression expandedtively, 410, 206, and 298 m. the differences of the erosion degreeand settled. the deposition rate at this time was 280among these mainly gas bearing structures are not apparent. Them/Ma. Later tectonic movement lead to an extrusion upliftdenudation quantity of the late Yingcheng formation is the biggestacross the whole area, which was then denuded Howeverof these three tectonic inversions. The Nenjiang formation and thebecause of the different degrees of uplift the denudation dif-late Mingshui formation have suffered an inversion, which leads tofered across the area. the denudation thickness at fulong-a large uplift denudation. These formations are still in a denudationquan was about 410 m, at Dalaoyefu it was 450 m, and atstate nowaerjin it was 380 m. This shows that the denudation thick-ness at Fulongquan is greater than that at the other two3.2. Buried history of a single wellareas(Table 1).(2) The Denglouku formation period was a diversionary periodThe current methods of recovering the tectonic evolution are theof fault depression during which the basin transited fromforwardor the inversion models. Both of these are based on the prin-fault development to thermal subsidence. At this time theciple of sedimentary compaction. The idea is that as the depth in-deposition velocity was low, about 20-65 m/Ma. However.creases the overlying load on the formation increases. This leads tothe subsidence range of Harjin region and Fulongquana decrease in porosity and a smaller specific volume. These waysregion is obviously wider than that of Dalaoyefu regionof recovering denudation quantity involve sedimentary ratio analy-(3) The Quantou, Qingshankou, Yaojia, and the first and secondsis methods, material balance methods, or back-stripping methodsNenjiang formations developed during a depression periodThe back-stripping method is the more exact of these 15, 16There was mainly regional settlement at this time. DuringIf we assume that the transverse structure is invariant and onlythe Quantou formation period the basin continuously settledlongitudinal changes occur in the formation during subsidence weand there was a center of subsidence in the Fulongquan area.can make use of a porosity-depth curve to recover the formationThe area from Qingshankou to the first and second Nenjiangdepth 6]. The quality conservation rule states that the formationformation experienced two periods of a flourishing lakebecomes smaller with depth of burial but the skeleton depth isbasin that formed two series of hydrocarbon source rocks.invariant. The relationship between interval transit time and depth(4)After a long. stable sedimentary environment the reflectionis transformed into one between porosity and depth. the formulaof the Yanshan Iv movement, in the late Nenjiang formation,for calculating porosity from interval transit time iscaused the stress regime to change from vertical settlementto lateral extrusion. the cool thermal subsidence stage endand development then proceeds into an intense tectonicinversion stage that lasts until the late mingshui formationDuring this stage the Fulongquan-Gudian fault reactivatedThe porosity is used with regression fitting to reject abnormaand an inversion occurred that formed an inversion fault.values and to estimate a function relating porosity to depth. In thisThis controlled the formation of a positive inversion strucway the burial history of eight wells was recovered.ture. From the late Nenjiang formation to the late mingshuiformation thestrata uplifted due to extrusion stress and suf-3.3. Structural developmentfered continuous denudation to a depth of about 520 m inthe fulongquan area, to 450 m in the Ha'erjin area, and toThe burial history of eight single wells was combined with seis570 m in the Dalaoyefu area. At this stage because of thenic data to compile two profiles and to recover the structural his-extrusion stress, the strata below the Denglouku formationtory of the Changling fault depression(see Fig. 2).deformed under pressure to form a new fold and fault inthe ls1 wellduring the Sifangtai- Mingshui period basin fold shrinkage grad-Table 1ally reduced the area of the lake basin and the center of settlementStatistics of formation denudation for each well.moved to the west as the thickness decreased to zero in the eastTime CS1 CS107 LS1 TS5 CS8 CS12 F10 TS6(F10 well). The Ha'erjin and Dalaoyefu areas were settling at thisLMS230250time. There were relatively thick sediments in the ha'erjin but theLNJgquan area450and did not receive中国煤化工 lingshui. The set-ote: LM.S. laperiod; LNJ. late Nenjiang period; and LY. C, late tlement in Ha'erj1200 m differenceCNMHGquan created atwo districtsJ. Wang et aL/Mining Science and Technology (China)21(2011)427-43CS107CS107 CS40002303Time: D Ma(Now)Time 0 Ma(Now2303 Ma(Later200662Ma自20024004I00 Ma(After sodim112Ma4000d12 Ma(After sedil Yaojia formation Yingcheng formationl Qingshankou formation Ea Shahezi formationime: 1288 MadB Sifangtais Quantou formation [Basementdenudation of Yingch28.8 Ma(Before denudateFig 2. Structural evolution: profiles I and IL.(5)The Neogene-Quaternary marked the beginning of a slowmantle up welled along with the shear belt. the top mantlesubsidence period and river sediments appear in the strata.was lifted and strengthened along the fault zone by a newHowever, the Fulongquan area continued to uplift and eroderound of volcanism that formed widespread volcanic rocksAnd the stratum of Yaojia formation eroded totally.The igneous rocks are mainly acidic, or basic. magma rocksand some volcanic clastic rocks[18]. The faults suffered tecProfiles i and ll have basically the same tectonic evolution in thetonic inversion during the late yingcheng formation periodlate Yingcheng period when the denudation quantity was aboutand the ha'erjin Dalaoyefu, and Shuantuozi structures were460 m in the Shuangtuozi area, about 450 m in the Dalaoyefu area,then lifted. After this time they continuously grew. Theand about 373 m in the Xixiliga area. the greater uplift rates in theHa'erjin structure was established in the late Quantou for-Dalaoyefu and Shuangtuozi areas, compared to the Xixiliga areamation and the fulongquan structure was also initiallyare illustrated by this. From the late Nenjiang to the late Mingshuiformed at the end of the Nengjiang formation.the denudation quantity in the shuangtuozi area was about 470(2)The Denglouku period moved from fault development to570 m, in the dalayefu area about 570 m, and in the xixiliga areathermal subsidence. During this time the fault activity andabout 435 m. this shows that there was a large uplift that occurredstretching decreased. The deposition of the denglouku stra-in the Shuangtuozi area and that the Xixiliga area was in a lowertum was affected by the tectonic movement of the yingchlying terrain.eng formation and the entire deposition rate was slow,about 20-65 m/Ma.3.4. Characteristics of activity in the Changling fault depression(3)The Quantou formation began a depression period and thetiling velocity accelerated. The Fulongquan area had theAn analysis of the two profiles leads to the hypotheses that:thickest sedimentary strata. In the Qingshankou period theSettlement of the basin was quick because the lithosphere(1)In the sedimentary period of the Huoshiling formation man-blocks settled. This is a thriving period of basin developtle type volcanic activities on a large scale affected the fault.ment. This period begins the period of basin depressionIn the sedimentary period during the Shahezi formation thewhen thick shale was deposited. Good oil generation andcrust extension effect and the basement fault continued toregional cap rocks were formed in the shale during this time.affect the region, which induced the second volcanic erupAt this point the deposition was quite different in the vari-on since the early Cretaceous period. The source of theous regions of the Changling fault and the subsidence in themagma was quite shallow and many intermediate acid igneHa'erjin structure, and the Xixiliga and Dalaoyefu areas wasous rocks, such as rhyolite, dacite, and tuff, formed [ 17]. Thefaults sectioned the lithosphere deeply during the sedimen-中国煤化工 guozi and Longquanent deposition of thetary period of the yingcheng formation. this introduced aCNMHGriod of extensive basinweak crustal zone as the crust was thin Heat flux from thewu formation. At this timeJ. Wang et aL/Mining Science and Technology( China)21(2011)427-432431a semi-deep and deep lake environment existed here, which Shuangtuozi structures)at the late Yingcheng formation formedis also indicated by the formation of good oil generation and miniature, low amplitude folds. oil and gas then began to collectlate Nenjiang formation that was influenced by tectonic Hydrocarbon a gas reservoirs because these structures formedregional cap rocks(4)Because of the effect from the yanshan IV movement in the before the maturation of the hydrocarbon gas source rocksinversion every region of the Changling fault was uplifted late during the deposition of the Quantou formation at the sameand denuded to some degree. The Fulongquan area near time the Ha'erjin fault began to form, which provided a channel be-the southeast uplifted and then the Fulongquan structure tween the source rocks and traps and an occlusion effect for thebegan to form. The influence of the tectonic inversion caused enrichment of the gas reservoir. The Fulongquan structure formedthe strata thrust upward to form reverse faults and intense late in the Nenjiang formation, and the Fulongquan-Gudian faultectonic movement occurred during this time. During the stabilized in the late Yingcheng. the Fulongquan structure wasSifangtai-Mingshui period the basin atrophied and the lake lifted by tectonic movement in the late Nenjiang formation whenfaded while the deposition center moved to the west. there it began to move again and then communicate with the deepwere prodigious differences in deposition during the forma- hydrocarbon source rocks and shallow traps. this promoted thetion of those areas. Because of the continuing uplift the formation of a secondary natural gas reservoir.Fulongquan area did not see stratum deposited during thisThe Shuangtuozi gas field has obtained commercial gas flowsperiod. The Ha'erjin structure had the thickest stratum of from the Shahezi formation, the yingcheng formation, and the firstthe Mingshui formation with a residual thickness of about section of the Quantou formation. The Changling I gas field has ob500 m. But the Dalaoyefu area had a few residues. By the late tained commercial gas flows in the yingcheng formation and in theMingshui another strong tectonic movement had occurred Denglouku formation. The Dalaoyefu gas field has obtained com-and the structure in every region was almost at its final mercial gas flow only in the Denglouku formation. the main gasshape. The Fulongquan area was still continuously uplifting producing zone of the fulongquan structure is in the first sectionbecause it was near to southeast however.of the Quantou formation. Hydrocarbon gas is from the deep(5) During the Neogene-Quaternary period every part of the Shahezi- Yingcheng formation and from secondary gas reservoirsChangling fault depression was uplifted and denuded over The migration and accumulation of hydrocarbon gas in the Chan-the whole area. The degree of denudation was quite different gling fault basin are controlled by the lithology fractures, andfrom place to place. The Fulongquan area had a long and structure. voids near the hydrocarbon generation regions are theintense denudation that resulted in the stratum deposited best area for the aggregation of hydrocarbon gas. the area of en-during the Yaojia-Nenjiang period being almost completely riched natural gas in the Changling fault occurs mainly in thedenuded The strata of the Sifangtai and Mingshui formation Ha'erjin and Shuangtuozi areasin the shuangtuozi area were fully denuded The mingshuiformation in the Xixiliga area was also fully denuded and 5. conclusiontures within the fault assumed their final shape in thisperiod.(1)The Changling fault depression was lifted and denudedthrice. Denudation yields were 406, 206, and 298 m.4. Relationship between tectonic movement and oil and gas(2) The fault basin lifted during the late Yingcheng formationaccumulationdue to thermal shrinking. there was a vertically differenti-ated fault lifted during the late Nenjiang formation a largeThe tectonic evolution of the Changling fault depression passesscale reverse then occurred during the late mingshuiformationthrough three stages: fault formation, depression, and inversion.The seismic data and drilling results suggest that the main hydro-(3) Some of the major gas bearing structures, such as the ha'erjinDalaoyefu, and Shuangtuozi structures, initially formed dur-carbon gas source rocks were developed in the depression periodof the Yingcheng and Shahezi formations. There was a relationshipng the late Yingcheng formation and then underwent succes-between the expansion of fault depression and the development ofsive development. By the late mingshui formation they weresource rocks, the strong expansion created high quality sourcewell developed into a primary gas accumulation reservoir.rocks such as the Shahezi and yingcheng formations, which areVertical differential lifting during the late Nenjiang formationthe main hydrocarbon source rocks of the Changling fault basincaused the Fulongquan structure to form. This was fully developed by the late Paleogene and the gas accumulation here hadThe deposition of submarine fan, and delta fan, was a reservoir,the nature of a secondary gas reservoir.which constituted the autogenous, self-reservoir hydrocarbon gassource [19,201(4)The migration and accumulation of oil and gas was controlledThe two profiles and the published history of tectonic evolutionby lithologic character, fracture and structure the local lift-were used to determine the formation time of the major gas bear-ing in the vicinity of the hydrocarbon recession is the locationing structure in the Changling basin (Fig. 2). The Ha'erjinmost conducive to the gathering of hydrocarbon gasesDalaoyefu, and Shuangtuozi structures are believed to have formedin the late Yingcheng formation with later successive development. AcknowledgmentsThey fell into a pattern during the late Mingshui Vertical differen-tial uplift during the late Nenjiang formed the Fulongquan struc- project of China Petrochemical Corporation(No. Go800-06-25.ture that fell into a pattern during the late Paleogene.The history of Changling fault suggests that the strata of the 324)for the financial support. The authors wish to thank my tutorHuoshiling, Shahezi, and Yingcheng formations were determined and everyone who helped usmainly by the degree of faulting. The volcanic movement acceler-ated the development of hydrocarbon gas source rocks in the References中国煤化工Shahezi and Yingcheng formations. the hydrocarbon gas sourcerocks in the Shahezi formation matured late in the dengloukuI Fang LM. LiⅸCNMHGOif Geophys Prospectformation (20, 21]. Tectonic movement(Ha'erjin, Dalaoyefu, and200338(2)190-6[ in ChineseJ. Wang et aL/ Mining Science and Technology(China) 21(2011)427-432[2] Ma JB. Qj F]. 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