天然气水合物的环境效应

矿物岩石地球化学通报Bulletin of Mineralogy, Petrology and GeochemistryVo.23No.2,2004Apr.天然气水合物的环境效应王淑红,宋海斌2,颜文1.中国科学院南海海洋研究所和广州地球化学研究所边缘海地质重点实验室,广州510301;2.中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所,北京100101摘要:天然气水合物是近些年来发现的一种新型超级洁净能源,因其在能源勘探、海底灾害环境和全球气侯变化研究中的重要性而日益引起世界各国的高度重视。本文综述了天然气水合物在形成、分解过程中的加剧全球气候变暖、海底灾害和影嘲海洋生物等环境效应;指出将地质历史时期的重大事件与天然气水合物产生的这些环境效应结合将成为今后的主要研究方向。关键词:天然气水合物;环境效应;全球气候变化;海底地质灾害中图分类号:P618.13文献标识码:A文章编号:1007-2802(2004)02-0160-06随着社会经济的快速发展,全球资源日益减少,物存在于地壳浅层(小于2000m),储量巨大,当遇能源供需矛盾日趋紧张,环境和资源问题已成为21到环境变化时,温度的升降、压力的变化、海平面变世纪的主要议題。近年来,天然气水合物成为开发化、沉积盆地的升降、上覆沉积物的增厚、构造活动新能源的焦点,各国都在争先研究和开发。流体活动等都会影响天然气水合物层的稳定性,甚天然气水合物( Natural Gas Hydrate,简称Gas至导致天然气水合物层的破坏,释放出天然气,并最Hydrate),又称笼形化合物( Clathrate)。它是在一终进入大气圈0。定条件(合适的温度、压力、气体饱和度、水的盐度、天然气水合物的主要成分是温室气体CH41pH值等)下由水和天然气组成的类冰、非化学计CO2等,而目前进入平流层的温室气体中人为源量、笼形结晶化合物。天然气水合物的主要成分为(360×102g/a)与自然源(150×102g/a)相比占有甲烷;甲烷含量大于99%的天然气水合物通常称为更大的通量612。20世纪60年代到1983年的测甲烷水合物-9。天然气水合物主要分布于极地永定表明,大气中的甲烷正以每年1%的速度增久冻土带、海洋大陆坡、水下高地、边缘海和内陆海,长18-2。冰芯中的气体分析表明,在最后一次冰尤其是与泥火山、底辟构造以及大型构造断裂有关期、间冰期的转换过程中,空气中的甲烷浓度变化接的地质环境1。近两倍,即从350×10-°增加到650×10°(体积浓天然气水合物的开发利用涉及两个方面的问度)23-361。存在于地壳浅层的天然气水合物含有巨题:从资源方面考虑,这一资源储量巨大,能够满足大数量的甲烷(1015~10m3 at STP)2,至少是大人类未来清洁能源的需求;从环境方面考虑,作为温气中甲烷总量的3000倍。据报道,1mol甲烷对全室气体甲烷的最大载体,它的开发利用又可能是引球气候变暖产生的影响是相同量二氧化碳的3.7发全球气候变化和海底地质灾害的重要因素。因倍,如以重量计则为10倍,且甲烷氧化产物CO2此,必须有超前的防范措施,以防止其对环境造成的也是一种重要的温室气体,对全球环境有重大影响不良影响。天然气水合物的环境效应已日益引起甲烷水合物的分解可能产生气态甲烷并增加海水中世界各国的高度重视溶解态甲烷的浓度,甲烷将从过饱和的海水进入大下面我们从全球气候变化、海底地质灾害和海气。使大气中的甲烷浓度随甲烷水合物的分解而增洋生态三个方面分析天然气水合物的环境效应加。因此,存在于地壳浅表层的天然气水合物稳定(1)天然气水合物与全球气候变化:天然气水合与否,对全球大气组分变化造成巨大的冲击,影响到收桶日期:2003-11-06收到,2004-0106改回基金项目:中国科学院南海海洋所创新领域前沿项目(byq200312)资助第一作者简介:王淑红(1977-),女,在读博士生,海洋环境地球化学中国煤化工2001DA500)资助CNMHG矿物岩石地球化学通报全球气候变化的走势。美国、俄罗斯、加拿大等国学者已经报导了钻探过程从地史看,全球气候变化与天然气水合物释放中产生的不可控制的气体释放、管道堵塞、油井喷甲烷有关0。人们十分关心在全球气候变暖后,发、火灾、灾难性的井位下陷、气体渗漏到海洋表层从天然气水合物中释放的额外的甲烷进入大气后产等灾害事件s2生的后果3:3。基于天然气水合物储集层的尺度天然气水合物的环境效应在海洋地质灾害中主和甲烷中同位素的组成,推断大陆边缘浅地质储集要表现于两个方面:自然分解引起的地质灾害与钻层中的天然气水合物可以释放大量甲烷,进入海洋井引起水合物分解造成的环境破坏。前者研究得较后可能会改变海洋中溶解碳的组成,或大气中甲烷多3-。目前较为一致的认识是,海平面升降、地浓度-3天然气水合物中释放的甲烷在古新世震和海啸导致水合物分解;而水合物分解产生的滑末增温事件(LPTM中起了重要作用。目前已塌、滑坡和浊流则可能进一步引发新的地震和海在始新世末劉、早白垩世、晚侏罗世、早侏罗啸60。天然气水合物的分解还可使海底沉积物的世等时段发现了天然气水合物大量分解,释放力学性质减弱,引发海底滑坡、塌陷,甚至海啸等自CH导致全球升温的确切证据。已有人用甲烷水然灾害,对海底电缆通讯光缆、钻井平台、采油设备合物快速释放产生甲烷来解释早侏罗世沉积3、晚等工程设施造成威胁或破坏,甚至波及沿岸的建筑侏罗世沉积“及古新世海洋和大陆碳酸盐成分物危害航行安全和人民的生命财产21中-3δC的负偏移现象。古新世晚期强烈的火海底滑坡是一种常见的地质灾害。天然气山活动释放的(O)2导致全球变暖,通过有孔虫8“(·水合物形成与分解过程或其他的一些因素都会引起估计海洋温度大约增高7℃1。相对于全球气候沉积物发生变化,影响沉积物的强度;而天然气水合的变暖,大量的海洋天然气水合物降解释放巨大数物与其分解产物间存在着巨大的体积差异,因此当量的甲烷进入空气和海洋。由于甲烷中的C被耗受到其他地质因子触发,发生大面积的天然气水合海洋δC值下降了2‰~3‰PDB3。E.G.物层破坏将导致灾害性事件。虽然天然气水合物Nisbet将现今的全球变暖与13500,a前最近的会产生严重的地质灾害,但对实际问题的证明却是个主要冰期结束时天然气水合物中甲烷的释放相有限的。许多学者尝试把大陆边缘一些大型滑坡与联系,指出在全球温暖期,极地天然气水合物分解并天然气水合物分解失稳联系起来55:1,0,621。末次释放出甲烷进入大气圈,导致全球环境进一步变暖。冰期某些水合物分布区的巨大滑坡可能解释了为什K.A. Kvenvolden测量出阿拉斯加冰盖下甲烷的浓么冰芯记录中突然出现几倍于当时大气中的甲烷含度比大气中的平均浓度高6~28倍,他估计仅仅释量。已知最大的海底滑坡是挪威大陆边缘的Stor放了天然气水合物中甲烷的1%6,除了震动导致rega滑坡。它留下290km长的谷头陡壁断崖,向的地质的和大气的影响之外,也有板块碰撞后快速下陆坡延伸逾800km,运移了5000km3的物质;其的全球大爆发的证据。MD.Max等)认为中首次滑塌可能释放了5×102kg甲烷。B.∏晚白垩世的甲烷气体在板块碰撞后可能突然从海底查寥夫指出,百慕大三角区域内发生的灾难都与天释放,至少部分的引起了全球大爆发并对海洋空气然气水合物有直接联系。系统的破坏产生了作用。(3)天然气水合物与海洋生态:海洋生物大都需全球气候变化与天然气水合物释放甲烷的有关从海水中吸取氧气,以维持生命活动。但是,很多因证据还有海平面的变化。研究表明深海沉积物素都会导致海水中氧气含量的减少,进而影响海洋的地球化学、冰芯和其它地质指示物证明过去气候生物的活动甚至造成海洋生物灭绝。在诸多的的快速变化与大气中的温室气体浓度密切有响因素中,天然气水合物的分解是导致冰期中止和关11。最后一次冰期的结束与天然气水合物储生物灭绝的主要因素,而海洋缺氧是海洋生物灭绝集层中释放的大量甲烷有关,或者说后者对最后的直接原因次冰期的结束作出了极大的贡献1天然气水合物的分解引起全球气候变化,必将(2)天然气水合物与海底地质灾害:人类正在不制约着动物植物的生长演化。研究表明海洋缺氧断认识天然气水合物资源,并拟在不久的将来进行是导开采,而由此产生的海底地质灾害也在不断增加中国煤化工Aas等认为释放出游离状的CNMHG王淑红等/天然气水合物的环境效应CH4气泡进入水体,并与海水中的溶解氧发生化学和硫,导致了海洋缺氧,使深海有孔虫减少了30%反应,导致氧浓度降低。水体温度增高、溶解氧降低50%。D.M.Raup和Jr. Sepkoski6指出, Fran及其他一些变化,导致许多深海物种死亡或暂时消ian/ Famennian边界事件是显生宙时期5个主要生失。赵省民0认为,水合物分解引起的地质灾害也物灭绝事件之一。这个边界记录了物种多样性的大会导致海底生态环境恶化而殃及海洋生物。松本良量减少.10。二叠纪/三叠纪(P/T)生物灭绝事件认为,地史时期生物的大规模灭绝可能与此有关,这是显生宙一次最大的灾难。到目前为止,各国学者观点已得到一些学者的赞同6。 Matsumoto已经提出了很多种机制解释P/T边界事件,包括海和G. Dickens等30根据海洋碳酸盐中8C强烈的洋缺氧或深海CO2的产生(21、温室效应)、火负偏移指出,天然气水合物的大量分解已经引起了山作用0、天然气水合物中大尺度的甲烷释放及影古新世末期全球变暖、海洋缺氧、生物灭绝。响3-1。K. Kaiho等6)认为,水合物释放的额外的甲烷一方综上所述,以图1所示归纳天然气水合物的整面加速了全球变暖,另一方面消耗了海洋中的氧气体环境效应。L生标科龙)一洋缺多COa K物的夯〔长海平上升C表莶Hs)短刚效□地质证据匚二二推测效应图1天然气水合物环境效应示意图41ig. 1 Diagram showing the environmental effects of natural gas hydrate[423天然气水合物作为21世纪的重要能源地位已受到广泛认可和关注,然而作为一个重要的气候致5方银霞,金用龙,明碧天然气水合物的勒探与开发技术[]变因子,其赋存状况及其行为规律对全球气候的影中国海洋平台,2002,17(2):11-15.Fang Yinxia, Jin Xianglong, Li Mingbi. The exploration and响仍不容忽视。如何将地质历史时期的重大事件与evelopment of gas hydrate [J]. China Offshore Platform环境效应结合是我们面临的问题2002,17(2):11-15.( in Chinese)[6]刘洪涛高建军来自海底的能源—可燃冰[].国土资源与参考文献( Reference):环境,2002,(2):38-39[1] Keith A K. The brief introduction of gas hydrate [J]. ForeignLiu Hongtao, Gao Jianjian. The energy comes from seabedDeposits and Geology, 1988, (4)120-29.combustible ice[J]. Country Resources and Environment[2] Sloan, E. D, Clathrate hydrates of natural gas [M].New[7]王胜杰韩小辉郝妙莉,刘芙蓉冰点以下天然气水合物的生York: Marcel Dekker, 1990: 641成动力学研究,西安交通大学学报,2002,36(1):99-102.[3] Kvenvolden K A. Gas hydrates as a potential energy resource: AWang Shengjie, Han Xiaohui, Hao Miaoli, Liu Furog. Kineticsreview of their methane content [M]. The future of energy gasesof Formation of natural gas hydrate below ice point[J] Journal[C]. Howell D G, Wiese K Fanelli M, Zink LL, Cole F,eds, U.S.of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 2002, 36(1): 99-102 (in Chi-Geological Survey Professional Paper, U. S. Geological Survey, Re-[8]陈作义杨晓西,叶国兴,丁静,李文国,天然气水合物概况及最[4]张金川,张杰天然气水合物的资源与环境意义[中国能源新研究进展[]海洋通报,2002,21(3):78-82001(11):28-30Chen Zuoyi, Yang Xiaoxi, Ye Guoxing, Ding Jing, Li Wenguo,Zhang Jin chuan, Zhang Jie. The resourceful and environmental中国煤化工natural gas hydrate[J].gnificance of natural sas hydrates [J]. China Energy, 2001) 78-85. (in Chinese)CNMHG矿物岩石地球化学通报[9]卢振权,强祖基,吴必豪利用卫星热红外遥感探测南海天然气phere []. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry, 1987, 5: 125水合物[J.地质学报,2002,76(1):100-106Lu Zhenguan, Qiang Zuji, Wu Bihao. Exploring gas hydrates by [20] Blake D R, Rowland F S. Continuing worldwide increase insatellite-based thermal infrared remote sending in the Southtropospheric methane, 1978-1987 [J].Science,1988,239China Sea [J]. Acta Geologica Sinica, 2002, 76(1): 1001129-1131.106. (in Chinese with English abstract)[21] Kvenvolden K A. Methane hydrate-A major source of carbon[10]高爱国,天然气水合物的研究及我国对策[门]海洋地质动态,the shallow geosphere [J].Chen. Geol.,1988,71:41-51[2】]樊栓狮郭天民,天然气水合物资源利用和环境危害与保护Gao Aiguo, The study of gas hydrate and countermeasures of[].石油与天然气化工,1999,28(2):144-147China []. Marine Geology Letters, 2001,17(3):1-5(inFan Shuanshi, Guo Tianmin. The using, environment harmChinese with English abstract)and protecting of gas hydrate resource [J]. Chemical Engi[11]松本良,奥田义久青木丰,y夕八亻FL一卜21世纪O巨neering of Oil and Gas, 1999, 28(2):144-147.(in Chinese大天然加又资源[M].日经十亻工>又社,1994,1-253with English abstract)Matsumoto R, Okuda Y, Aoki Y. Methame hydrate: Huge [23] Stauffer B, Lochbronner E, Oeschger H, Schwander ].Meth-nataral gas resource for 21st century[M]. Nikkei Scienceane concentrations in the glacial atmosphere1994. 1-253. (in Japanese)that of the preindustrial Holocene [J]. Nature, 1988, 332[12]杨永强,翟裕生,薛林福,王立武天然气水合物的资源环境效812-814应[冂].世界地质,2002,21(1):30-32.( in Chinese)[24 Raynaud D, Chappellaz J, Barnola ]M, Korotkevich JSYang Yonggiang, Zhai Yusheng, Xue Linfu, Wang Liua. TheLorius C. Climatic and CHe cycle implications of glacial/ineffects of resource and environment for gas hydrates [J].terglacial CH change in the Vostock ice-core [J].NatureWorld Geology, 2002, 21(1):30-32. (in Chinese with Eng1988,333:655-657lish abtract)[25] Chappellaz J M, Barnola J M, Raynaud D, Korotkevich JS[13]徐文新,陈多福陈光谦输气管线中天然气水合物形成的地Lorius D. Ice-core record of atmospheric methane over the球化学控制因素[J.矿物岩石地球化学通报,2002,21(4)past160,00 years[]. Nature,1990,345:127-131[26] Raynaud D, Chappellaz J. The record of atmospheric methaneXu Wenxin, Chen Duofu, Chen Guangqian. The geochemical[A]. Khalil M A.ed. Atmospheric methane;sources,sinksconstrains on gas hydrate formation in pipeline[J]. Bulletin ofand role in global change [M]. Berlin: Springer-verlagMineralogy, Petrology and Geochemistry, 2002, 21(4):2611993.113:38-6265.(in Chinese with English abstract)[27] Kvenvolden K A Gas hydrate and humans [J]. Annals Ney[14]陈多福,张跃中徐文新.天然气输送管线中水合物形成的边York Acad. Science, 2000, 912: 17-22.界条件[].矿物岩石地球化学通报,2003,22(3):197-20[28] Lashof D A, Ahuja R, Relative contributions of greenhouseChen Duofu, Zhang Yuezhong, Xu Wenxin. The boundaryemissions to globe warm [) Nature,1990.344(5),52931.Mineralogy, Petrology and Geochemistry, 2003, 22(3): 197 [29] Dickens GR, Castillo MM, Walker L G a blast of gas in00. (in Chinese with English abstrache latest Paleocene: Simulating first-Order effects of mas[15] Rasmussen R A, Khalil M A K. Atmospheric methanesive dissociation of oceanic methane hydrate [J]. Geology,(CH), Trends and seasonal cycles [J] Journal of GeophysMarch1997,25(3):259-262cal Research,1981,86(C10):9826-9832[30]王先彬妥进才,未来能源选择[].地球科学的进展,1998,13[16] Whiticar M J. Stable isotopes and global budgets [A].Khalil(5):422-430.MAK, ed, Atmospheric methane r Sources, sinks, and role in globWang Xianbin, Tuo Jincai. The choice for future energy [J].al change[M]. Berlin: Springer- Verlag, 1993, 113: 138-167Advance in Earth Sciences, 1998, 13(5):422-430( in Chi[17] Khalil M A K, Shearer M J, Rasmussen R A. Methane sinkswith English abstract)and distribution[A]. Khalil MAK, ed. Atmospheric methane: [31] Kvenvolden K A Methane hydrates and global climate[J].sources,sinks, and role in global change[ M]. Berlin: Spring-Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 1988, 2(3): 221-229[32] Kvenvolden K A. Potential effects of gas hydrate on human[18] Rasmussen RA, Khalil M A K. Atmospheric trace gases:welfare[ J]. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 1999, 96: 3420-3426.trends and distributions over the last decade [J].ScienceColloquium Paper1986,232:1623-1624[33] Mienert J. Posewang J. Evidence of shallow and deep-water[19] Steele L P, Fraser P J, Rasmussen R A Khalil MAK,Con-gas hydrate destabilizations in North Atlantic polar continen-way T J. Crawford A J, Gammon R H, Masarie K A, Thon中国煤化工1999,19:143ing K W. The global distribution of methane in the tropo-CNMHG16王淑红等/天然气水合物的环境效应[34] Buffett B, Zatsepina (. Metastability of gas hydrate[J]. Geo- [50] Rofer S Bacterial methane oxidation in sea-floor gas hydratephysical Research Letters, 1999, 26(19): 2981-2984.LJ. Geology,19926(91):851-854[35] Paull C K, Ussler Ill W, Dillon W P. Is the extent of glaci- [51] Dickens G R, Castillo M. M. Walker JC G. A blast of gas ination limited by marine gas-hydrates? [J]. Geo-phys. Res.the latest Paleocene: simulating first-order effect of massivedissociation of oceanic methane hydrate[J]. Geology, 1997[36] Dickens G. O, Neil J R Rea D K Dissociation of oceanic5:259-262methane hydrate as a cause of the carbon isotope excursion at [52] Bily C, Dick J W L. Natural occurring gas hydrates in thethe end of the Paleocene [J]. Paleoceanography, 1995, 10kenzie Delta [J]. Northwest Territories: Bulletin of Ca-965-971nadian Petroleum Geology, 1974, 22(3):340-352[37] Haq B Gas hydrates: Greenhouse nightmare? Energy panacea [53] Goodman M A. Handbook of Arctie well completion [M].or pipedream? [J]. GSA Today. 1998,811-6Houston, Texas, World Oil Publishing, 1978:5:[38] Dickens G On the fate of past gas: What happens to methane [54] Franklin L J In-situ hydrates -A potential gas source [J Petro-released fro a bacterially mediated gas hydrate capacitor?leum Engineer International, November, 1980: 112-122[JJ. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 2001, 215[55] Makogon Y F, Hydrates of natural gas [M].Tulsa, Penn[39] Kats M E, Pak D K, Dickens G R. The source and fate of mas-Well Publishing Company, 1981. 237.sive carbon input during the latest Paleocene thermal maxi- [56] Yakushev V S, Collett T S. Gas hydrates in permafrost re-mum[Jl. Science,199,286(5444:1531-1533gions-the risk to drilling and prodiction operations [C]:Sec-[40 Jahren A H, Arens N C, Sarmiento G, Terrestial record ofond International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conferencemethane hydrate dissociation in the early Cretaceous [J] Ge-June 14-19, 1992, San Francisco. California, Proceedingology,2001,29(2):159-1621992,1:669-673.[41] PaddenWeissert H, de Rafelis M. Evidence for Late Juras- [57] Kayen R E, Lee H J. Pleistocene slope instability of gas hy-ase of methane from gas hydrate [J]. Geology, 2001drate laden sediment on the Beaufort Sea margin [J]. Marine29(3):223-226.Geotechnology, 1991. 10: 125-141.[42] Hesselbo S P, Groecke D R, Jenkyns H C, Bjerrum C J, Farri- [58] Nisbet E G. Piper D JW. Giant submarine landslides [].Na-mond P, Morgans Bell H S Green (R, Massive dissociatioture,1998,392:329-330of gas hydrate during a Jurassic oceanic anoxic event [J]. Na- [59] Rothwell R G, Thomson J, Kahler G. Low-sea-level emplace-ture,2000,406:392-395ment of a very large Late Pleistomegaturbidite in the[43] Koch P L, Zachos JC, Gingerich P D Correlation betweenwestern Mediterranean Sea [J). Nature, 1998,392:377-isotope records in marine and continental carbon reservoirsear the Palaeocene/ Eocene boundary [J].Nature, 1992[60]赵省民.天然气水合物研究的新进展[冂]海洋地质与第四纪地质,1999,19(4):39-46[44] Matsumoto R, Hosein M G. Yoshitaka K. Was the late DevonianZhao Xinmin. A new advance of gas hydrate research [J].Mamass extinction caused by massive dissociation of gas hydrateGeology and Quaternary Geology, 1999, 19(4):39[]. Proceedings of the fourth international conference on gas hy46.(in Chinese with English abstract)drates[('. Yokohama, Japan, 2002,75-79[61] Cherkis N Z, Max M D, Vogt P R. Large-scale mass wasting[45] Nisbet E G. The end of the ice age[J] Can, I. Earth Scienceon the north Spitsbergen continental margin, Aretic Ocean[I Geo- Marine Letters, 1999, 19:131-142.46]赵生才,气体水合物的研究现状与科学问题[门].科技导报,[62] Paull CK, Ussher III w, Dillon w p. Potential role of gasZhao Shengcai. Present State in the research of gas hydrates[A]. Max M D, ed. Natural gas hydrate in oceanic and perand scientific problems[J]. Science and Technology Rewiewmafrost environments [M]. Dordrecht Kluwer Acad. Publ.,2000:149-156[47] Wolbach W s, Gilmour I. Andres E. Orth CJ, BrooksRRGlobal fire at the Cretaceous- Tertiary boundary [J]. Na[63] Euan G, Xisber, David J W. Piper giant submarine landslideture,1988,334:665-669,[]. Nature,1998,392(26):32948] Wolbach Ws. Andres h, Nazarov MA. Fires at the K/r[64]史斗,郑军卫世界天然气水合物研究开发现状和前景[J.地boundary Carbon at the Sumbar, Turkmenia, site [J]球科学进展,199914(4):330-3eochimicn et Cosmochimica Acta, 1990,5411133-1146Shi Dou, Zheng Junwei. The status and prospects of research[49 Max M D. Dillon W P, Nishimura C, Hurdle B G Sea-floorand exploitation of natural gas hydrate in the world [J].Adethane blow-out and global firestorm at the K-T boundary中国煤化工1:3303.( n Chinese[J. GeoMarine Letters, 1999, 181285-291CNMHG矿物岩石地球化学通报16565]陈弘天然气水合物的研究现状及其环境资源意义[J].海洋[73] Retallack G J, Veevers JJ, Morante r. Global Early Triassic地质,2000,(1);12-20.coal gap between Late Permian extinction and Middle TriassicChen Hong, The current situation of gas hydrate and signifirecovery of peat-forming plants[J]. Bull. Geol. Soc. Am.cance of environment and resource [J]. Marine Geology1996,108:195-2072000,(1): 12-20.(in Chinese with English abstract[74] Renne P R, Zichao J. Richards M A Black M T, Basu A R.[66 Matsumoto R Causes of the 8 3C anomalies of carbonates andSynchrony and casual relations between Permian-Triassica new paradigm"gas hydrate hypothesis"[J]..Geo. Soc.boundaries and Siberian flood volcanism [J]. Science, 1995Japan,1995,101:902-924.269:1413-1416[67] Kaiho K, Arinobu T Ishiwatari R, Mrgans H E G, Okada H, [75] Morante R Permian and early Triassic isotopic records ofakeda N, Tazaki K, Zhou G. Kajiwara Y, Matsumoto R, Hi-bon and strontium in australia and arai A, Niitsuma N, Wada H. Latest Paleocene benthic foramihe Permian-Triassic boundary[J].Hist.Biol.,1996,11feral extinction and environmental changes at TawanuiNew Zealand[J]. Paleoceanography, 1996, 11:447-465[76] de Wit M J, Ghosh S C, Joy G, de Villiers S, Rakotosolofo N[68] Raup D M. Sepkoski Jr Mass extinctions in the marine fossilAlexander J, Tripathi A, Looy C Multiple organic carbon so-record J]. Science,1982,215:1501-1503.ope reversals across the Permo-Triassic boundary of terres-[69] Newell N D, Revolution in the history of life[R]. Geol. Soc.rial Gondwana sequences, Clues to extinction patterns andAmer.. Special Paper, 1967,89: 63-91delayed ecosystem recovery[J].J.Geol., 2002, 110:227[70] Sepkoski JJ Jr. Phanerozoic overvie of mass extinction[A]240Raup D M. Jablonski D, eds, Patterns and processes in the [77] Bhandari N, Shukla P N, AzmiR Z Positive europium anoma-history of life[M]. New York: Springer, 1986.277-295ly at the Permo-Triassic boundary, Spiti, India[J].Geo[71] Isozaki Y. Permo- Triassic boundary super-anoxia and strati-phys.Res.Let,1992,19:1531-153fied superocean: Records from lost deep sea. [J]. Science, [78] Retallack G Jlli A, Krull E s, Holser W T, ambers1997,276:235-238.C P,Kyte F T. Search for evidence of impact at the Permian[72]KnollAH.Bambachrk.CanfieldDe,Grotzingerjp.com-Triassic boundary in Antarctica and Australia[J]. Geologyparative earth history and Late Permian mass extinction[J]1998,26:979-982Science,1996,273:452-457Environmental Effects of Natural Gas HydrateWANG Shu-hong, SONG Hai-bin, YAN Wen'1. Key Laboratory of Marginal Sea Geology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology GuangzhouInstitute of Geochemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, Chinai2. Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, ChinaAbstract: Gas hydrate is a new resource discovered in recent years. Many countries are paying attention to it because it is important in energy sources exploration, submarine hazard, local environment, and global climatechange. This paper summarized environmental effects of the gas hydrate on the global warming, submarine haz-ards, and organism response during its formation, decomposition and exploitation. It will be the main research fieldhow to combine the important events happened in geological history with these environmental effects of gas hy-Key words: gas hydrate; environment effect; global climate change; submarine geological hazard中国煤化工CNMHG